CCNA 1 v7 – ITN v7.02 – Modules 1 – 3: Basic Network Connectivity and Communications Exam Answers

A keyword

Here’s a detailed explanation for each option:

1. The Command:
   • The entire command is show running-config. It is used in Cisco IOS to display the current configuration running on the device.
2. A Keyword:
   • running-config is a keyword within the command. In the context of Cisco IOS commands, keywords are predefined words that are recognized by the command interpreter. They represent specific functions or options that the command can execute. Here, running-config specifies that the command should display the current configuration of the device.
3. A Variable:
   • A variable in a command represents a user-defined value or parameter that can change. It allows flexibility in the command to accept different inputs. In the show running-config command, there are no variables; all parts of the command are fixed keywords.
4. A Prompt:
   • A prompt in a command-line interface (CLI) is the text or symbol displayed to the user indicating that the system is ready to accept input. For example, the Router# prompt in Cisco IOS indicates that the device is in privileged EXEC mode and ready for commands. In this context, running-config is not a prompt.

So, within the show running-config command, running-config is a keyword.

An intranet

Here’s an explanation of each option:

1. An Intranet:
   • An intranet is a private network accessible only to an organization’s staff. It often contains confidential information, internal applications, and resources that are not available to the public. Since the employee is accessing confidential pricing information from internal servers at the Head Office, they would use the intranet.
2. The Internet:
   • The Internet is a global network of networks that is publicly accessible. It would not be used for accessing confidential internal information specific to an organization.
3. An Extranet:
   • An extranet is an extension of an intranet that allows access to external partners, vendors, or customers. It is typically used to share information securely with external entities but is not the primary network for accessing internal confidential information.
4. A Local Area Network (LAN):
   • A LAN is a network that connects devices within a limited area, such as a single building or campus. Since the employee is at a branch office and needs to access information from the Head Office, a LAN would not be suitable for this purpose.

Therefore, the appropriate type of network the employee would access is an intranet.

A device connects to an existing home LAN using an adapter and an existing electrical outlet.

Here’s an explanation of each option:

1. New “smart” electrical cabling is used to extend an existing home LAN:
   • This is incorrect. Powerline networking uses existing electrical wiring, not new or “smart” cabling.
2. A home LAN is installed without the use of physical cabling:
   • This is incorrect. Powerline networking still relies on existing physical electrical wiring in the home.
3. A device connects to an existing home LAN using an adapter and an existing electrical outlet:
   • This is correct. Powerline networking technology allows devices to connect to a home LAN by using adapters that plug into existing electrical outlets. The data is transmitted over the existing electrical wiring in the house.
4. Wireless access points use powerline adapters to distribute data through the home LAN:
   • This is a bit misleading. While it’s possible for wireless access points to use powerline adapters to extend their reach, this statement doesn’t fully capture the general use of powerline networking, which is primarily about using electrical outlets to connect devices to a home LAN.

Therefore, the correct statement is: A device connects to an existing home LAN using an adapter and an existing electrical outlet.

• Detail: Fault tolerance refers to the ability of a network to continue functioning even when one or more components fail. This is achieved by having redundant links (multiple pathways for data to travel) and devices (extra hardware such as routers or switches). If one path or device fails, the network can reroute traffic through another path or use a backup device, ensuring continuous operation and minimizing downtime.

Scalability ==> Expand the network without degrading the service for existing users.

• Detail: Scalability is the ability of a network to grow and manage increased demand without compromising performance. A scalable network can handle additional devices, users, or data traffic by expanding its infrastructure (e.g., adding more bandwidth, servers, or networking equipment) while maintaining the quality of service for current users. This ensures that as new users or devices are added, the existing users do not experience a decrease in network performance.

Security ==> Protect the network from unauthorized access.

• Detail: Security in a network involves measures and protocols to protect the network from unauthorized access, breaches, and other malicious activities. This can include firewalls, encryption, access controls, intrusion detection systems, and regular security audits. These measures help safeguard sensitive data and ensure that only authorized users can access network resources, preventing potential threats and attacks.

Not Matched ==> Match the type of communication with a specific priority.

• Detail: This requirement typically relates to Quality of Service (QoS) protocols, which prioritize certain types of network traffic to ensure that critical applications receive the necessary bandwidth and low latency. For example, voice and video traffic might be prioritized over regular data traffic to ensure clear calls and smooth streaming. However, this requirement was not matched with the provided network architecture options.

Not Matched ==> Ensure that streaming data is provided over high speed links.

• Detail: This involves ensuring that data-intensive applications like video streaming or large file transfers are supported by high-speed network links to prevent buffering and delays. High-speed links can be provided by using faster network technologies (e.g., fiber optics) or increasing the bandwidth available. However, this requirement was not matched with the provided network architecture options.

By providing redundant links and devices, expanding the network without degrading service, and protecting against unauthorized access, a reliable network can achieve fault tolerance, scalability, and security. Matching communication types with specific priorities and ensuring high-speed links for streaming data are also important but were not matched in this context.

Security

Explanation:

• Fault Tolerance: This characteristic refers to the network’s ability to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of some of its components. It is not relevant to the issue of unauthorized data access.
• Scalability: This characteristic pertains to the network’s ability to grow and handle increased load without affecting performance. It does not address data access or privacy concerns.
• Security: Security involves protecting the network and its data from unauthorized access and breaches. In this scenario, patients being able to see each other’s medical records represents a significant security breach, violating the confidentiality and privacy of sensitive information.
• Quality of Service (QoS): This refers to the ability to prioritize certain types of traffic to ensure the performance of critical applications. It is not related to data access control.
• Reliability: Reliability concerns the network’s consistent performance and uptime. While important, it does not specifically address issues of data access and privacy.

Therefore, the violation pertains to Security, as it involves unauthorized access to sensitive and confidential medical records.

• Detail: Satellite internet can be affected by heavy tree cover and other obstructions that block the line of sight between the satellite dish and the satellite in space, making it less suitable for heavily wooded areas.

Uses coaxial cable as a medium ==> Cable

• Detail: Cable internet uses coaxial cables, the same type of cables used for cable television, to provide internet connectivity.

Typically has very low bandwidth ==> Dial-up telephone

• Detail: Dial-up internet access uses the public switched telephone network (PSTN) to establish a connection to an Internet service provider (ISP), and it typically offers very low bandwidth, usually up to 56 kbps.

High bandwidth connection that runs over telephone line ==> DSL

• Detail: Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology provides high-speed internet access over standard telephone lines. DSL offers higher bandwidth than dial-up and is widely used for residential and small business internet connections.

Typically uses a T1/E1 or T3/E3 circuit ==> Not Matched

• Detail: T1 (in North America) and E1 (in Europe) circuits provide dedicated point-to-point internet connections with specific bandwidths (1.544 Mbps for T1 and 2.048 Mbps for E1). T3 and E3 circuits offer higher bandwidth (45 Mbps for T3 and 34 Mbps for E3). These are typically used by businesses and large organizations for high-capacity internet and data communications but are not specifically matched to any of the provided descriptions.

• Detail: While the type of data and its priority (e.g., video streaming vs. simple text data) can influence network configurations and Quality of Service (QoS) settings, it is not a primary criterion for selecting the physical network medium. The focus here is more on managing and prioritizing traffic rather than choosing the medium itself.

The cost of the end devices utilized in the network:

• Detail: The cost of end devices like computers, switches, and routers is an important consideration for overall network planning and budgeting, but it is not directly related to selecting the network medium. The choice of medium is more influenced by factors like distance, environment, and performance requirements.

The distance the selected medium can successfully carry a signal:

• Detail: This is a critical factor in selecting a network medium. Different media have different effective transmission ranges. For instance, twisted pair copper cables (like Cat5e or Cat6) are typically used for shorter distances (up to 100 meters), whereas fiber optic cables can transmit data over much longer distances (several kilometers) without significant signal loss.

The number of intermediate devices installed in the network:

• Detail: The number of intermediate devices, such as switches and routers, can affect network design and performance but does not directly influence the choice of network medium. However, it can impact the overall network architecture and layout.

The environment where the selected medium is to be installed:

• Detail: The installation environment is crucial in choosing the right network medium. Factors like exposure to electromagnetic interference, weather conditions, physical obstructions, and temperature extremes need to be considered. For example, fiber optic cables are preferred in environments with high electrical interference, while outdoor installations might require media that are weather-resistant.

To summarize, the primary criteria for selecting a network medium are:

• The distance the selected medium can successfully carry a signal.
• The environment where the selected medium is to be installed.

Video Conferencing

Explanation:

• Email: Email traffic is generally not sensitive to delays or variations in network performance. Emails can tolerate some latency and do not require real-time transmission. Therefore, QoS is not typically required for email traffic.
• Online Purchasing: While online purchasing involves transactions that should be completed reliably, it does not require real-time data transmission. The web pages and transactions can tolerate some delay without significantly affecting the user experience. Thus, QoS is not usually needed for online purchasing.
• Video Conferencing: Video conferencing is highly sensitive to latency, jitter, and packet loss. It requires a steady and reliable stream of data to maintain audio and video quality in real time. Any delays or interruptions can significantly impact the quality of the video conference, making QoS essential to prioritize this type of traffic and ensure a smooth experience.
• Wiki: Accessing or editing a wiki involves web traffic that can tolerate some latency and does not require real-time data transmission. Therefore, QoS is not typically necessary for wiki traffic.

Thus, the correct answer is video conferencing.

1. Implementing a firewall
   • Detail: A firewall is essential for protecting a network by controlling incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. It acts as a barrier between the internal network and external threats, helping to prevent unauthorized access and attacks.
2. Installing antivirus software
   • Detail: Antivirus software is crucial for detecting, preventing, and removing malware, including viruses, trojans, and other malicious software. This protects the network’s devices from being compromised by malicious code that can steal data, corrupt files, or take control of the systems.

Other options explained:

• Installing a wireless network: This does not provide security; rather, it introduces another potential point of vulnerability if not properly secured.
• Implementing an intrusion detection system (IDS): While useful for monitoring network traffic for suspicious activity and potential threats, an IDS alone does not provide the basic, essential security measures required to protect a small office network.
• Adding a dedicated intrusion prevention device: This provides advanced security by not only detecting but also preventing potential threats. However, it is typically part of a more comprehensive security strategy rather than a minimum requirement.

Thus, the two actions providing the minimum security requirements are:

• Implementing a firewall
• Installing antivirus software

1. VTY interface:
   • Detail: VTY (Virtual Teletype) interfaces are used for remote access to the router or switch via Telnet or SSH. Setting a password for VTY interfaces restricts remote access to the device.
2. Console interface:
   • Detail: The console interface is used for direct local access to the device through a console cable. Setting a password for the console interface ensures that only authorized personnel can access the device physically.
3. Privileged EXEC mode:
   • Detail: Privileged EXEC mode provides access to all configuration commands and the ability to enter global configuration mode. Setting a password for privileged EXEC mode (typically using the enable password or enable secret command) restricts access to this higher level of control.

Other options explained:

• Ethernet interface: This interface is used for network connectivity and cannot be protected with passwords directly in the context of access control.
• Boot IOS mode: Boot mode is related to the initial loading of the IOS and is not typically protected by user-configurable passwords.
• Router configuration mode: This is a configuration state, but access to it is controlled by the privileged EXEC mode password rather than a separate password.

Therefore, the modes and interfaces that can be protected with passwords are:

• VTY interface
• Console interface
• Privileged EXEC mode

The switch virtual interface (SVI)

Explanation:

• The AUX interface: This is an auxiliary port typically used for out-of-band management and is not commonly used for remote management of a switch.
• The console port interface: This interface is used for local management of the switch through a direct physical connection. It does not support remote management.
• The switch virtual interface (SVI): An SVI is a virtual interface on a switch that allows for remote management. It is assigned an IP address and used for in-band management of the switch via protocols like SSH or Telnet.
• The first Ethernet port interface: This is a physical port used for data traffic on the network, not specifically for management purposes. Although it can be used for management traffic in some configurations, it is not specifically designated for remote management.

Therefore, the correct answer is the switch virtual interface (SVI).

It completes the remainder of a partially typed word in a command.

Explanation:

• It aborts the current command and returns to configuration mode: This is incorrect. The Tab key does not abort commands; it helps in completing them.
• It exits configuration mode and returns to user EXEC mode: This is incorrect. To exit configuration mode and return to user EXEC mode, you typically use the exit command.
• It moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line: This is incorrect. The Tab key does not move the cursor to the next line.
• It completes the remainder of a partially typed word in a command: This is correct. When you start typing a command in IOS and press the Tab key, IOS will automatically complete the command if the entered text uniquely identifies it. For example, typing conf and pressing Tab will complete the word to configure.

Therefore, the correct answer is: It completes the remainder of a partially typed word in a command.

Issue the reload command without saving the running configuration.

Explanation:

• Issue the reload command without saving the running configuration: This is correct. By issuing the reload command, the router will reboot and load the configuration from NVRAM (the startup configuration), discarding any unsaved changes made to the running configuration. If the running configuration is not saved (using the copy running-config startup-config command), the changes will be lost upon reload.
• Delete the vlan.dat file and reboot the device: This is incorrect. The vlan.dat file is related to VLAN configurations on the switch and deleting it will remove VLAN configurations but won’t revert the router’s overall configuration to the startup configuration.
• Close and reopen the terminal emulation software: This is incorrect. Closing and reopening the terminal emulation software does not affect the router’s configuration. It only affects the session you have with the router.
• Issue the copy startup-config running-config command: This command merges the startup configuration with the current running configuration but does not discard the current running configuration entirely. It might not effectively revert to the original configuration if there have been many conflicting changes.

Therefore, the correct action is to issue the reload command without saving the running configuration.

To interrupt the ping process

Explanation:

• To restart the ping process: This is incorrect. Ctrl-Shift-6 does not restart the ping process.
• To interrupt the ping process: This is correct. The Ctrl-Shift-6 key combination is used to send a break sequence to interrupt an ongoing process in the command-line interface, such as a continuous ping.
• To exit to a different configuration mode: This is incorrect. Ctrl-Shift-6 does not change the configuration mode.
• To allow the user to complete the command: This is incorrect. Ctrl-Shift-6 is used to interrupt a process, not to complete a command.

Therefore, the purpose of using the Ctrl-Shift-6 key combination is to interrupt the ping process.

Here is the configuration typically shown in such scenarios:

enable secret secretin
line con 0
password lineconin
login
line vty 0 4
password linevtyin
login

Based on this configuration:

• enable secret secretin: This password is used to access privileged EXEC mode, not user EXEC mode.
• line con 0: This configuration specifies the settings for the console line. The password lineconin and login commands indicate that the password lineconin is required to access the console.

Given this information:

• letmein: This password does not appear in the provided configuration.
• secretin: This is the enable secret password for privileged EXEC mode, not user EXEC mode.
• lineconin: This is the password required for the console connection to access user EXEC mode.
• linevtyin: This is the password required for virtual terminal (VTY) connections (e.g., Telnet or SSH), not the console connection.

Therefore, the password needed to access user EXEC mode via a console connection is lineconin.

SVI (Switch Virtual Interface)

Explanation:

• Telnet access: While configuring an SVI can enable remote management capabilities such as Telnet, the commands provided specifically set up the IP address on the switch’s virtual interface (VLAN 1), not directly configuring Telnet access itself.
• SVI (Switch Virtual Interface): This is correct. The commands configure a Switch Virtual Interface (SVI), which is a logical interface on the switch. It allows the switch to have an IP address and can be used for remote management and routing purposes.
• Password encryption: There is no command in the provided snippet that deals with password encryption.
• Physical switchport access: The configuration provided is for a virtual interface (VLAN 1), not a physical switchport.

Therefore, the technician is configuring an SVI (Switch Virtual Interface).

exit

Explanation:

• end: This command is used to exit configuration mode and return directly to privileged EXEC mode.
• exit: This command is used to move back one level in the command hierarchy. For example, if you are in interface configuration mode, issuing the exit command will take you back to global configuration mode.
• Ctrl-Z: This key combination is used to exit configuration mode and return directly to privileged EXEC mode, similar to the end command.
• Ctrl-C: This key combination is typically used to interrupt a command or process, stopping its execution. It is not specifically used to navigate the command hierarchy.

Therefore, the command to return to the previous level in the command hierarchy is exit.

1. The configuration that is actively running on the device is stored in RAM.
   • Detail: RAM stores the running configuration of the device. This configuration is what the device is actively using and can be changed dynamically as commands are entered.
2. The contents of RAM are lost during a power cycle.
   • Detail: RAM is volatile memory, meaning that its contents are lost when the device is powered off or restarted. Any changes made to the running configuration must be saved to non-volatile storage (like NVRAM) if they are to persist after a reboot.

Other options explained:

• RAM provides nonvolatile storage: This is incorrect. RAM is volatile storage, meaning its contents are lost when power is lost.
• RAM is a component in Cisco switches but not in Cisco routers: This is incorrect. Both Cisco switches and routers use RAM for their operations.
• RAM is able to store multiple versions of IOS and configuration files: This is incorrect. Multiple versions of the IOS and configuration files are typically stored in non-volatile memory such as Flash memory, not in RAM.

Therefore, the correct characteristics are:

• The configuration that is actively running on the device is stored in RAM.
• The contents of RAM are lost during a power cycle.

1. RM-3-Switch-2A4
2. SwBranch799

Explanation: Cisco IOS naming conventions typically require that host names:

• Start with a letter.
• Contain only letters, digits, and hyphens.
• Be case-insensitive.
• Avoid spaces and special characters.

Here are the details for each option:

• Branch2!: Contains an exclamation mark (!), which is not allowed.
• RM-3-Switch-2A4: Follows the guidelines (starts with a letter, contains only letters, digits, and hyphens).
• Floor(15): Contains parentheses, which are not allowed.
• HO Floor 17: Contains spaces, which are not allowed.
• SwBranch799: Follows the guidelines (starts with a letter, contains only letters and digits).

Therefore, the correct host names are RM-3-Switch-2A4 and SwBranch799.

SSH provides security to remote sessions by encrypting messages and using user authentication. Telnet is considered insecure and sends messages in plaintext.

Explanation:

• SSH makes connections over the network, whereas Telnet is for out-of-band access: This is incorrect. Both SSH and Telnet can be used for in-band management over the network. Out-of-band management typically uses a console or auxiliary port.
• SSH provides security to remote sessions by encrypting messages and using user authentication. Telnet is considered insecure and sends messages in plaintext: This is correct. SSH (Secure Shell) encrypts all data exchanged between the client and the server, providing secure communication over the network. Telnet, on the other hand, sends data, including passwords, in plaintext, making it vulnerable to interception and eavesdropping.
• SSH requires the use of the PuTTY terminal emulation program. Tera Term must be used to connect to devices through the use of Telnet: This is incorrect. While PuTTY and Tera Term are popular terminal emulation programs, they can both be used for SSH and Telnet connections. The choice of program is not limited to a specific protocol.
• SSH must be configured over an active network connection, whereas Telnet is used to connect to a device from a console connection: This is incorrect. Both SSH and Telnet can be configured and used over active network connections. Console connections are typically used for initial configuration and troubleshooting, but they are not specific to Telnet.

Therefore, the correct statement is:

SSH provides security to remote sessions by encrypting messages and using user authentication. Telnet is considered insecure and sends messages in plaintext.

1. First mode ==> User EXEC mode
   • Detail: When a user first accesses the switch, they are placed in User EXEC mode, which provides limited access to basic monitoring commands.
2. Second mode ==> Privileged EXEC mode
   • Detail: To enter Privileged EXEC mode, the user must enter the enable command. This mode provides access to all monitoring commands and the ability to enter configuration modes.
3. Third mode ==> Global configuration mode
   • Detail: From Privileged EXEC mode, the user can enter Global Configuration mode by entering the configure terminal command. This mode allows for the configuration of global settings on the switch.
4. Final mode ==> Line configuration mode
   • Detail: From Global Configuration mode, the user can enter Line Configuration mode by entering the line console 0 command. This mode is used to configure settings specific to the console line, such as setting a password.

The correct sequence to reach the mode in which the configuration commands will be entered is:

1. User EXEC mode
2. Privileged EXEC mode
3. Global Configuration mode
4. Line Configuration mode

Therefore, the path through the modes is:

• First mode ==> User EXEC mode
• Second mode ==> Privileged EXEC mode
• Third mode ==> Global Configuration mode
• Final mode ==> Line Configuration mode

1. It is not associated with any physical interface on a switch.
   • Detail: An SVI is a virtual interface, meaning it does not correspond to a physical port on the switch. Instead, it represents a VLAN and can be used to assign an IP address for that VLAN.
2. It provides a means to remotely manage a switch.
   • Detail: An SVI can be assigned an IP address, allowing network administrators to remotely manage the switch via protocols such as Telnet or SSH.
3. It is associated with VLAN1 by default.
   • Detail: By default, the SVI on a switch is associated with VLAN1, which is the default VLAN for all switch ports if no other VLANs are configured.

Other options explained:

• It is designed as a security protocol to protect switch ports.: This is incorrect. An SVI is not a security protocol but a virtual interface for a VLAN.
• It is a special interface that allows connectivity by different types of media.: This is incorrect. An SVI provides IP-based connectivity within a VLAN and does not relate to different types of physical media.
• It is required to allow connectivity by any device at any location.: This is incorrect. An SVI allows remote management and VLAN connectivity but is not required for device connectivity at any location.

Therefore, the correct characteristics of an SVI are:

• It is not associated with any physical interface on a switch.
• It provides a means to remotely manage a switch.
• It is associated with VLAN1 by default.

show ip interface brief

Explanation:

• ipconfig: This command is used on Windows operating systems to display the IP configuration of a computer’s network interfaces. It is not a Cisco IOS command.
• ping: This command is used to test connectivity between devices by sending ICMP Echo Request packets. It does not provide detailed information about the status of switch interfaces.
• traceroute: This command is used to determine the path packets take to reach a destination. It does not provide information about the status of switch interfaces.
• show ip interface brief: This Cisco IOS command provides a summary of the status of all interfaces on a switch or router, including IP addresses, interface status (up/down), and protocol status. It is the appropriate command for verifying the condition of switch interfaces.

Therefore, the correct command is:

show ip interface brief

1. Changes made affect the operation of the device as a whole ==> Global Configuration Mode
   • Detail: In Global Configuration Mode, changes affect the entire device. This mode is used to configure global settings.
2. Accessed by entering the enable command ==> Privileged EXEC Mode
   • Detail: To enter Privileged EXEC Mode, the enable command is used. This mode provides access to all monitoring commands and higher configuration modes.
3. Identified by a prompt ending with the # character ==> Privileged EXEC Mode
   • Detail: The prompt in Privileged EXEC Mode ends with the # character, indicating a higher level of access.
4. Limited number of basic monitoring commands ==> User EXEC Mode
   • Detail: User EXEC Mode provides a limited set of basic monitoring commands and is the initial mode when accessing the CLI.
5. Accessed by entering the configure terminal command ==> Global Configuration Mode
   • Detail: To enter Global Configuration Mode from Privileged EXEC Mode, the configure terminal command is used.
6. The first entrance into the CLI of an IOS device ==> User EXEC Mode
   • Detail: When first accessing the CLI of an IOS device, the user is placed in User EXEC Mode, indicated by a > prompt.
7. Used to enable the password for vty lines ==> Not Matched
   • Detail: Configuring passwords for vty lines (virtual terminal lines) is done in Line Configuration Mode, which is not listed as an option.

Therefore, the matches are:

1. Changes made affect the operation of the device as a whole ==> Global Configuration Mode
2. Accessed by entering the enable command ==> Privileged EXEC Mode
3. Identified by a prompt ending with the # character ==> Privileged EXEC Mode
4. Limited number of basic monitoring commands ==> User EXEC Mode
5. Accessed by entering the configure terminal command ==> Global Configuration Mode
6. The first entrance into the CLI of an IOS device ==> User EXEC Mode

1. Displays the next screen ==> Space Bar
   • Detail: Pressing the Space Bar key in the CLI displays the next screen of output, useful when output extends beyond one screen.
2. Scrolls backwards through previously entered commands ==> Up Arrow
   • Detail: The Up Arrow key allows users to scroll backwards through the command history, making it easier to re-enter or edit previous commands.
3. Provides context-sensitive help ==> ?
   • Detail: Typing the ? key in the CLI provides context-sensitive help, displaying available commands or parameters relevant to the current command context.
4. Completes abbreviated commands and parameters ==> Tab
   • Detail: The Tab key is used to autocomplete commands or parameters in the CLI, saving time and reducing errors.
5. Aborts commands such as trace and ping ==> Ctrl-Shift-6
   • Detail: The Ctrl-Shift-6 key combination is used to interrupt and abort commands like trace and ping, stopping their execution.
6. Ctrl-C ==> Not Match
   • Detail: The Ctrl-C key combination is used to interrupt the current command and return to the prompt, but it was not provided as an option to match with a specific definition in this context.

Therefore, the correct matches are:

1. Displays the next screen ==> Space Bar
2. Scrolls backwards through previously entered commands ==> Up Arrow
3. Provides context-sensitive help ==> ?
4. Completes abbreviated commands and parameters ==> Tab
5. Aborts commands such as trace and ping ==> Ctrl-Shift-6
6. Ctrl-C ==> Not Match

In the show running-config command, the part of the syntax represented by running-config is:

A keyword

Explanation:

• The Command: The entire command is show running-config. It is used to display the current configuration that is actively running on the device.
• A Keyword: running-config is a keyword within the command. In the context of Cisco IOS commands, keywords are predefined words that are recognized by the command interpreter. They represent specific functions or options that the command can execute. Here, running-config specifies that the command should display the current configuration of the device.
• A Variable: A variable in a command represents a user-defined value or parameter that can change. It allows flexibility in the command to accept different inputs. In the show running-config command, there are no variables; all parts of the command are fixed keywords.
• A Prompt: A prompt in a command-line interface (CLI) is the text or symbol displayed to the user indicating that the system is ready to accept input. For example, the Router# prompt in Cisco IOS indicates that the device is in privileged EXEC mode and ready for commands. In this context, running-config is not a prompt.

So, within the show running-config command, running-config is a keyword.

The new configuration will be loaded if the switch is restarted.

Explanation:

• The new configuration will be stored in flash memory: This is incorrect. The copy running-config startup-config command copies the current configuration to NVRAM (non-volatile RAM), not flash memory.
• The new configuration will be loaded if the switch is restarted: This is correct. The copy running-config startup-config command saves the current running configuration to the startup configuration file in NVRAM. This ensures that the new configuration will be loaded the next time the switch is restarted.
• The current IOS file will be replaced with the newly configured file: This is incorrect. The IOS file is separate from the configuration files and is not affected by the copy running-config startup-config command.
• The configuration changes will be removed and the original configuration will be restored: This is incorrect. The copy running-config startup-config command saves the current configuration changes, so they are not removed but instead made persistent across reboots.

Therefore, issuing the copy running-config startup-config command ensures that the new configuration will be loaded if the switch is restarted.

To prevent all configured passwords from appearing in plain text in configuration files, an administrator can execute the service password-encryption command. This command encrypts all configured passwords in the configuration file.

The startup-config and running-config files display most passwords in plaintext. Use the service password-encryption global config command to encrypt all plaintext passwords in these files.

In order for two computers to be able to communicate effectively, there must be a mechanism that allows both the source and destination to set the timing of the transmission and receipt of data. Flow control allows for this by ensuring that data is not sent too fast for it to be received properly.

When the data is traveling from the PC to the network, the transport layer sends segments to the internet layer. The internet layer sends packets to the network access layer, which creates frames and then converts the frames to bits. The bits are released to the network media.

DNS, DHCP, and FTP are all application layer protocols in the TCP/IP protocol suite. ARP and PPP are network access layer protocols, and NAT is an internet layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite.

The EIA is an international standards and trade organization for electronics organizations. It is best known for its standards related to electrical wiring, connectors, and the 19-inch racks used to mount networking equipment.

Application data is passed down the protocol stack on its way to be transmitted across the network media. During the process, various protocols add information to it at each level. At each stage of the process, a PDU (protocol data unit) has a different name to reflect its new functions. The PDUs are named according to the protocols of the TCP/IP suite: Data – The general term for the PDU used at the application layer.
Segment – transport layer PDU
Packet – network layer PDU
Frame – data link layer PDU
Bits – A physical layer PDU used when physically transmitting data over the medium

There are several components that need to be entered when configuring IPv4 for an end device: IPv4 address – uniquely identifies an end device on the network
Subnet mask – determines the network address portion and host portion for an IPv4 address
Default gateway – the IP address of the router interface used for communicating with hosts in another network
DNS server addres s – the IP address of the Domain Name System (DNS) server
DHCP server address (if DHCP is used) is not configured manually on end devices. It will be provided by a DHCP server when an end device requests an IP address.

When a message is placed inside of another message, this is known as encapsulation. On networks, encapsulation takes place when one protocol data unit is carried inside of the data field of the next lower protocol data unit.

The TCP/IP model consists of four layers: application, transport, internet, and network access. Of these four layers, it is the internet layer that is responsible for routing messages. The session layer is not part of the TCP/IP model but is rather part of the OSI model.

1. “This organization is responsible for overseeing and managing IP address allocation, domain name management, and protocol identifiers.” This description matches with IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority). IANA is responsible for coordinating some of the key elements that keep the Internet running smoothly. Among its responsibilities are the allocation of IP addresses and domain management.
2. “This organization is the largest developer of international standards in the world for a wide variety of products and services. It is known for its Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model.” This description matches with ISO (International Organization for Standardization). ISO is an independent, non-governmental international organization with a membership of national standards bodies, and it has developed the OSI model, which is a conceptual framework used to understand and design the architecture of network systems.
3. “This organization promotes the open development, evolution, and use of the Internet throughout the world.” This description matches with ISOC (Internet Society). ISOC is an organization founded in 1992 to provide leadership in internet-related standards, education, access, and policy.

These organizations play a critical role in the maintenance and advancement of internet technologies and standards.

When received at the physical layer of a host, the bits are formatted into a frame at the data link layer. A packet is the PDU at the network layer. A segment is the PDU at the transport layer. A file is a data structure that may be used at the application layer.

In order to send data to HostA, ServerB will generate a packet that contains the IP address of the destination device on the remote network and a frame that contains the MAC address of the default gateway device on the local network.

If a computer makes a request and does not hear a response within an acceptable amount of time, the computer assumes that no answer is coming and reacts accordingly.

1. HTTP governs the way that a web server and client interact.
2. TCP manages individual conversations between web servers and clients.
3. IP is responsible for delivery across the best path to the destination.
4. Ethernet takes the packet from IP and formats it for transmission.

The OSI data link and physical layers together are equivalent to the TCP/IP network access layer. The OSI transport layer is functionally equivalent to the TCP/IP transport layer, and the OSI network layer is equivalent to the TCP/IP internet layer. The OSI application, presentation, and session layers are functionally equivalent to the application layer within the TCP/IP model.

Logical addresses, also known as IP addresses, are added at the network layer. Physical addresses are edded at the data link layer. Port addresses are added at the transport layer. No addresses are added at the physical layer.

Multicast is a one-to-many type of communication. Multicast messages are addressed to a specific multicast group.

Network protocols are implemented in hardware, or software, or both. They interact with each other within different layers of a protocol stack. Protocols have nothing to do with the installation of the network equipment. Network protocols are required to exchange information between source and destination devices in both local and remote networks.

An advantage of network devices implementing open standard protocols, such as from the TCP/IP suite, is that clients and servers running different operating systems can communicate with each other. Open standard protocols facilitate innovation and competition between vendors and across markets, and can reduce the occurrence of monopolies in networking markets.

A router is used to determine the path that the messages should take through the network. A firewall is used to filter incoming and outgoing traffic. A DSL modem is used to provide Internet connection for a home or an organization.

After the enable command is issued, the show running-configuration command or the show ip interfaces brief command will display the IP address of the switch virtual interface (SVI).

A switch, as a Layer 2 device, does not need an IP address to transmit frames to attached devices. However, when a switch is accessed remotely through the network, it must have a Layer 3 address. The IP address must be applied to a virtual interface rather than to a physical interface. Routers, not switches, function as default gateways.

In order to enter global configuration mode, the command configure terminal , or a shortened version such as config t , must be entered from privileged EXEC mode. In this scenario the administrator is in user EXEC mode, as indicated by the > symbol after the hostname. The administrator would need to use the enable command to move into privileged EXEC mode before entering the configure terminal command.

The term that describes a network owned by one organization that provides safe and secure access to individuals who work for a different organization is “extranet.” An extranet is a private network that allows authorized users from external organizations to access certain resources, such as files, applications, or communication tools, while maintaining security and controlled access.

The term that describes storing personal files on servers over the internet to provide access anywhere, anytime, and on any device is “cloud.” This approach is commonly referred to as “cloud storage” or “cloud computing,” where data is stored and managed in remote data centers accessible via the internet, offering convenience and accessibility across various devices and locations.

The term that describes a network where one computer can be both a client and a server is “peer-to-peer” (P2P) networking. In a peer-to-peer network, each computer (or peer) can act as both a client and a server, allowing them to share resources and information directly with one another without the need for a centralized server.

The term that describes a type of network used by people who work from home or from a small remote office is a “SOHO network.” SOHO stands for “Small Office/Home Office,” and it refers to networks designed to meet the needs of individuals or small businesses working from home or in small remote office locations. These networks are typically smaller in scale compared to large corporate networks and are tailored to the requirements of remote or home-based workers.

The term that describes a computing model where server software runs on dedicated computers is “client/server.” In a client/server computing model, dedicated server computers provide services or resources to client computers, which request and use these services. This architecture is common in networked systems where multiple clients interact with one or more dedicated server machines to access data, applications, or resources.

The term that describes a type of network used by people who work from home or from a small remote office is a “SOHO network.” SOHO stands for “Small Office/Home Office,” and it refers to networks designed to meet the needs of individuals or small businesses working from home or in small remote office locations. These networks are typically smaller in scale compared to large corporate networks and are tailored to the requirements of remote or home-based workers.

The term that describes a technology that allows devices to connect to the LAN (Local Area Network) using an electrical outlet is “powerline networking.” Powerline networking uses a building’s existing electrical wiring to transmit data signals between devices, effectively turning electrical outlets into network connections. This technology is a convenient way to extend network connectivity within a building without the need for additional Ethernet cables or Wi-Fi networks.

The term that describes a policy that allows network devices to manage the flow of data to give priority to voice and video is “quality of service” or “QoS.” Quality of service is a set of techniques and mechanisms used to prioritize certain types of data traffic over others to ensure a consistent and acceptable level of service quality, especially for real-time or latency-sensitive applications like voice and video communication. QoS policies help manage and allocate network resources to ensure a smoother and more reliable experience for these applications.

The term that describes a private collection of LANs and WANs that belongs to an organization is “intranet.” An intranet is a network that is used internally within an organization to facilitate communication, collaboration, and information sharing among its employees, typically in a secure and private manner. It is not accessible to the public and is designed to serve the organization’s internal needs.

The term that describes the ability to use personal devices across a business or campus network is “BYOD,” which stands for “Bring Your Own Device.” BYOD is a policy or practice that allows employees, students, or users to bring their personal devices, such as smartphones, tablets, or laptops, and connect them to a business or campus network to access resources, applications, and services.

The source IP address is added to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) at the “network layer,” which is also known as OSI Layer 3. The network layer is responsible for routing and forwarding data between different networks, and IP addresses are used to uniquely identify the source and destination of data at this layer.

A destination port number is added to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) during the encapsulation process at the “transport layer,” which is also known as OSI Layer 4. Port numbers are used to direct data to specific services or processes on a device, allowing for the proper delivery and communication of data between applications.

Data is added to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) during the encapsulation process at the “application layer,” which is also known as OSI Layer 7. The application layer is responsible for providing the interface between the software applications and the lower layers of the OSI model, allowing applications to exchange data. Data from an application is divided into PDUs at the application layer, and then it is encapsulated in lower-layer PDUs as it moves down the OSI model.

A source IP address is added to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) during the encapsulation process at the “network layer,” which is also known as OSI Layer 3. The network layer is responsible for routing and forwarding data between different networks, and IP addresses are used to uniquely identify the source and destination of data at this layer.

Data is added to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) during the encapsulation process at the “application layer,” which is also known as OSI Layer 7. The application layer is responsible for providing the interface between the software applications and the lower layers of the OSI model, allowing applications to exchange data. Data from an application is divided into PDUs at the application layer, and then it is encapsulated in lower-layer PDUs as it moves down the OSI model.

A destination IP address is added to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) during the encapsulation process at the “network layer,” which is also known as OSI Layer 3. The network layer is responsible for routing and forwarding data between different networks, and IP addresses are used to uniquely identify the source and destination of data at this layer.

A source MAC (Media Access Control) address is added to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) during the encapsulation process at the “data link layer,” which is also known as OSI Layer 2. The data link layer is responsible for the addressing and control of data frames on the local network segment, and MAC addresses are used to identify individual devices on the same network segment at this layer.

A source port number is added to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) during the encapsulation process at the “transport layer,” which is also known as OSI Layer 4. Port numbers are used to identify specific processes or services on a device, and they are utilized at the transport layer to ensure that data is delivered to the correct application or service on the receiving end

A destination MAC (Media Access Control) address is added to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) during the encapsulation process at the “data link layer,” which is also known as OSI Layer 2. The data link layer is responsible for addressing and controlling data frames within the local network segment, and MAC addresses are used to identify specific devices on the same network segment at this layer.

A source port number is added to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) during the encapsulation process at the “transport layer,” which is also known as OSI Layer 4. Port numbers are used to identify specific processes or services on a device, and they are utilized at the transport layer to ensure that data is delivered to the correct application or service on the receiving end.