CCNA 1 v7 – ITN v7.02 – Modules 11 – 13: IP Addressing Exam | Practice Online Exam

The number of bits that are borrowed would be two, thus giving a total of 4 useable subnets:
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.64
192.168.1.128
192.168.1.192
Because 2 bits are borrowed, the new subnet mask would be /26 or 255.255.255.192

A /26 prefix gives 6 host bits, which provides a total of 64 addresses, because 2 6 = 64. Subtracting the network and broadcast addresses leaves 62 usable host addresses.

Each network that is directly connected to an interface on a router requires its own subnet. The formula 2 n , where n is the number of bits borrowed, is used to calculate the available number of subnets when borrowing a specific number of bits.

With a network prefix of 48, there will be 16 bits available for subnetting because the interface ID starts at bit 64. Sixteen bits will yield 65536 subnets.

The rules for reducing the notation of IPv6 addresses are:
1. Omit any leading 0s (zeros) in any hextet.
2. Replace any single, contiguous string of one or more 16-bit hextets consisting of all zeros with a double colon (::) .
3. The double colon (::) can only be used once within an address.

IPv6 LLAs are in the fe80::/10 range. The /10 indicates that the first 10 bits are 1111 1110 10xx xxxx. The first hextet has a range of 1111 1110 1000 0000 (fe80) to 1111 1110 1011 1111 (febf).

Subnet 192.168.1.64 /27 has 5 bits that are allocated for host addresses and therefore will be able to support 32 addresses, but only 30 valid host IP addresses. Subnet 192.168.1.96/28 has 4 bits for host addresses and will be able to support 16 addresses, but only 14 valid host IP addresses.

A directed broadcast is a message sent to all hosts on a specific network. It is useful for sending a broadcast to all hosts on a nonlocal network. A multicast message is a message sent to a selected group of hosts that are part of a subscribing multicast group. A limited broadcast is used for a communication that is limited to the hosts on the local network. A unicast message is a message sent from one host to another.

The ranges of private IPv4 addresses are as folllows:
10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

The IP address 192.168.25.10 is an IPv4 private address. This address will not be routed over the Internet, so school A will not be able to reach school B. Because the address is a private one, it can be used freely on an internal network. As long as no two devices on the internal network are assigned the same private IP, there is no IP conflict issue. Devices that are assigned a private IP will need to use NAT in order to communicate over the Internet.

Network A needs to use 192.168.0.128 /25, which yields 128 host addresses.
Network B needs to use 192.168.0.0 /26, which yields 64 host addresses.
Network C needs to use 192.168.0.96 /27, which yields 32 host addresses.
Network D needs to use 192.168.0.80/30, which yields 4 host addresses.

Multicast IPv4 addresses use the reserved class D address range of 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255.

A /26 mask is the same as 255.255.255.192. The mask leaves 6 host bits. With 6 host bits, 64 IP addresses are possible. One address represents the subnet number and one address represents the broadcast address, which means that 62 addresses can then be used to assign to network devices.

Addresses 10.16.10.0 through 10.16.10.63 are taken for the leftmost network. Addresses 10.16.10.192 through 10.16.10.207 are used by the center network.The address space from 208-255 assumes a /28 mask, which does not allow enough host bits to accommodate 25 host addresses.The address ranges that are available include 10.16.10.64/26 and10.16.10.128/26. To accommodate 25 hosts, 5 host bits are needed, so a /27 mask is necessary. Four possible /27 subnets could be created from the available addresses between 10.16.10.64 and 10.16.10.191:
10.16.10.64/27
10.16.10.96/27
10.16.10.128/27
10.16.10.160/27

The subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 has 8 host bits. The mask of 255.255.255.128 results in 7 host bits. The mask of 255.255.255.224 has 5 host bits. Finally, 255.255.255.240 represents 4 host bits.

The 172.16.16.0/22 network has 22 bits in the network portion and 10 bits in the host portion. Converting the network address to binary yields a subnet mask of 255.255.252.0. The range of addresses in this network will end with the last address available before 172.16.20.0. Valid host addresses for this network range from 172.16.16.1-172.16.19.254, making 172.16.19.255 the broadcast address.

RFC 1918, Address Allocation for Private Internets, defines three blocks of IPv4 address for private networks that should not be routable on the public Internet.10.0.0.0/8
172.16.0.0/12
192.168.0.0/16

To determine whether a given IPv4 address is a network, host, or broadcast address, first determine the address space based on the subnet mask. Convert the address and mask to binary values, then perform the ANDing function to determine the network address. To calculate the of the address space, use the number of host bits in the subnet mask as an exponent of 2. The number of valid host addresses in the space is that number minus 2. The network address will have all zeroes in the host portion, and the broadcast address will have all ones. For example, 10.0.50.10/30 yields a network IP address of 10.0.50.8 when the mask is ANDed with the given address. Because there are only 2 host bits in the mask, there are only 2 valid host addresses (4-2). 10.0.50.10 is one of the two valid host IP addresses.

A mask of 255.255.252.0 is equal to a prefix of /22. A /22 prefix provides 22 bits for the network portion and leaves 10 bits for the host portion. The 10 bits in the host portion will provide 1022 usable IP addresses (2 10 - 2 = 1022).

Subnet 192.168.1.32/27 will have a valid host range from 192.168.1.33 - 192.168.1.62 with the broadcast address as 192.168.1.63
Subnet 192.168.1.64/27 will have a valid host range from 192.168.1.65 - 192.168.1.94 with the broadcast address as 192.168.1.95
Subnet 192.168.1.96/27 will have a valid host range from 192.168.1.97 - 192.168.1.126 with the broadcast address as 192.168.1.127

All the addresses have the part 2001:0DB8:BC15:00A in common. Each number or letter in the address represents 4 bits, so the prefix-length is /60.

Prefix 2001:db8::/48 has 48 network bits. If we subnet to a /52, we are moving the network boundary four bits to the right and creating 16 subnets. The first subnet is 2001:db8::/52 the last subnet is 2001:db8:0:f000::/52.

An ICMPv6 code of 3 in a ping response typically represents "address unreachable." This code indicates that the destination address specified in the ping command is not reachable or is not available on the network. It means that the network is unable to forward the ICMPv6 Echo Request to the specified address, indicating that the target address might be down or there's an issue with the routing to that address.

A ping response with an ICMP code of 1 usually represents "host unreachable." This code indicates that the destination host specified in the ping command is not reachable or is not available on the network. It means that the network is unable to forward the ICMP Echo Request to the specified host, indicating that the host might be down or there's an issue with the routing to that host.

A ping response with an ICMPv6 code of 2 represents "beyond scope of the source address." This means that the source address from which the ping was initiated is not valid or recognized in the context of the destination network or address being pinged. It typically indicates that the source address is not within the appropriate scope for communicating with the destination.

An ICMPv6 code of 4 in a ping response typically represents "port unreachable." This code indicates that the destination host has received the ICMPv6 Echo Request, but the specific port or service requested by the ping is unreachable or not available on the destination host. It's commonly used in situations where a network device or firewall has blocked access to the specified port or service on the destination host.

Correct Answer:

• Network Unreachable: In the standard context of ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) used by the ping command, a response with a code of "0" typically indicates successful communication, not an error. However, in your scenario, if a code of "0" is explicitly defined or interpreted as "network unreachable," it would represent an exception to the standard interpretation. Normally, "network unreachable" would be indicated by a different ICMP error code.

Incorrect Answers:

• Protocol Unreachable: This error is not indicated by a code of "0." It would refer to a situation where the network protocol necessary for communication is not available or compatible, which is not implied by a successful ping response.
• Port Unreachable: This error is related to UDP traffic and occurs when a message is sent to a port without a listening application. Since the ping command uses ICMP, which does not involve TCP/UDP ports, this error is not applicable. A code of "0" in ping typically indicates successful communication, not an unreachable port scenario.
• Host Unreachable: This error signifies that the destination host could not be reached. In standard ICMP ping operations, a code of "0" is understood as indicating the opposite: that the host was successfully reached.

It's important to note that the interpretation of ICMP response codes, including "0," can vary depending on specific network configurations or custom implementations. However, under standard conventions, a code "0" response in ping is usually associated with successful communication, not a "network unreachable" error.

An ICMPv6 code of 4 in a ping response represents "port unreachable." This code is typically used to indicate that the destination host has received the ICMPv6 Echo Request, but the specific port or service requested by the ping is unreachable or not available on the destination host. It's commonly used in situations where a network device or firewall has blocked access to the specified port or service on the destination host.

Correct Answer:

• Host Unreachable: A response code of "0" after issuing a ping command indicates that the host is reachable. This is the opposite of the "host unreachable" error, which would typically be indicated by a different ICMP error code.

Incorrect Answers:

• Network Unreachable: This error occurs when the packet cannot find a route to the destination network. A code of "0" means that the network was indeed reachable.
• Protocol Unreachable: This error is typically related to an inability to communicate using the specified network protocol. A code of "0" implies that the protocol was reachable and functional.
• Port Unreachable: Generally associated with UDP traffic when a packet is sent to a port with no application listening. Since ping uses ICMP, which does not use port numbers, this error is irrelevant to the ping command. Moreover, a code of "0" confirms successful communication, not an unreachable port.

In summary, a response code of "0" signifies successful communication with the target host, negating the scenarios of network, protocol, port, or host being unreachable.

A ping response with an ICMP code of 1 usually represents "host unreachable." This code indicates that the destination host specified in the ping command is not reachable or is not available on the network. It means that the network is unable to forward the ICMP Echo Request to the specified host, indicating that the host might be down or there's an issue with the routing to that host.

A ping response with an ICMPv6 code of 2 represents "beyond scope of the source address." This means that the source address from which the ping was initiated is not valid or recognized in the context of the destination network or address being pinged. It typically indicates that the source address is not within the appropriate scope for communicating with the destination.

The compressed format of the IPv6 address fe80:09ea:0000:2200:0000:0000:0fe0:0290 is:fe80:9ea::2200:0:0:fe0:290In this compressed form, consecutive groups of zeros are represented with a double colon "::" to make the address more concise while still preserving the full address's value.

The compressed format of the IPv6 address 2002:0042:0010:c400:0000:0000:0000:0909 is:2002:42:10:c400::909In this compressed form, consecutive groups of zeros are represented with a double colon "::" to make the address more concise while still preserving the full address's value.

The compressed format of the IPv6 address fe80:0000:0000:0000:0220:0b3f:f0e0:0029 is:fe80::220:b3f:f0e0:29In this compressed form, consecutive groups of zeros are represented with a double colon "::" to make the address more concise while still preserving the full address's value.

The compressed format of the IPv6 address 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:a0b0:0008:0001 is:2001:db8::a0b0:8:1Double colons "::" are used to compress consecutive groups of zeros in an IPv6 address. In this case, multiple groups of consecutive zeros have been compressed to make the address more concise while still representing the same value.

The compressed format of the IPv6 address 2002:0420:00c4:1008:0025:0190:0000:0990 is:2002:420:c4:1008:25:190::990In this compressed form, consecutive groups of zeros are represented with a double colon "::" to make the address more concise while still preserving the full address's value.

The compressed format of the IPv6 address 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0ab8:0001:0000:1000 is:2001:db8::ab8:1:0:1000In this compressed form, consecutive groups of zeros are represented with a double colon "::" to make the address more concise while still preserving the full address's value.

The compressed format of the IPv6 address 2002:0042:0010:c400:0000:0000:0000:0909 is:2002:42:10:c400::909In this compressed form, consecutive groups of zeros are represented with a double colon "::" to make the address more concise while still preserving the full address's value.

The compressed format of the IPv6 address fe80:09ea:0000:2200:0000:0000:0fe0:0290 is:fe80:9ea::2200:0:0:fe0:290In this compressed form, consecutive groups of zeros are represented with a double colon "::" to make the address more concise while still preserving the full address's value.

The compressed format of the IPv6 address 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:a0b0:0008:0001 is:2001:db8::a0b0:8:1Double colons "::" are used to compress consecutive groups of zeros in an IPv6 address. In this case, multiple groups of consecutive zeros have been compressed to make the address more concise while still representing the same value.

When a broadcast is sent to the broadcast address of a subnet, all hosts within that same subnet will receive it. This is a common characteristic of traditional IP networks. However, it's important to note that the use of broadcasts is discouraged in modern networking due to its potential for causing network congestion. Multicast and unicast communication are generally more efficient and common ways to transmit data to specific hosts or groups of hosts in a network.

When a broadcast is sent to the broadcast address of a subnet, all hosts within that same subnet will receive it. This is a common characteristic of traditional IP networks. However, it's important to note that the use of broadcasts is discouraged in modern networking due to its potential for causing network congestion. Multicast and unicast communication are generally more efficient and common ways to transmit data to specific hosts or groups of hosts in a network.

When a host is transmitting a multicast, the data is sent to a specially defined group of hosts, and only those hosts that have joined that multicast group will receive the communication. This allows for efficient one-to-many or many-to-many communication to a specific group of interested hosts, making it a useful and efficient way to share data with selected recipients.

When a host is transmitting a multicast, the data is sent to a specially defined group of hosts, and only those hosts that have joined that multicast group will receive the communication. This allows for efficient one-to-many or many-to-many communication to a specific group of interested hosts, making it a useful and efficient way to share data with selected recipients.

When a host is transmitting a multicast, the data is sent to a specially defined group of hosts, and only those hosts that have joined that multicast group will receive the communication. This allows for efficient one-to-many or many-to-many communication to a specific group of interested hosts, making it a useful and efficient way to share data with selected recipients.

When a host is transmitting a multicast, the data is sent to a specially defined group of hosts, and only those hosts that have joined that multicast group will receive the communication. This allows for efficient one-to-many or many-to-many communication to a specific group of interested hosts, making it a useful and efficient way to share data with selected recipients.

When a host is transmitting a multicast, the data is sent to a specially defined group of hosts, and only those hosts that have joined that multicast group will receive the communication. This allows for efficient one-to-many or many-to-many communication to a specific group of interested hosts, making it a useful and efficient way to share data with selected recipients.

When a host is transmitting a unicast, it is sending the data to one specific host, and only that intended recipient will receive the communication. Unicast communication is point-to-point, ensuring that the data is delivered exclusively to the designated host.

When a host is transmitting a unicast, it is sending the data to one specific host, and only that intended recipient will receive the communication. Unicast communication is point-to-point, ensuring that the data is delivered exclusively to the designated host.

When a broadcast is sent to the broadcast address of a subnet, all hosts within that same subnet will receive it. This is a common characteristic of traditional IP networks. However, it's important to note that the use of broadcasts is discouraged in modern networking due to its potential for causing network congestion. Multicast and unicast communication are generally more efficient and common ways to transmit data to specific hosts or groups of hosts in a network.

Using the ipv6config command on PC2 displays the IPv6 address of PC2, which is 2001:DB8:1:4::A. The IPV6 link-local address, FE80::260:70FF:FE34:6930, is not used in route tracing. Using the tracert 2001:DB8:1:4::A command on PC1 displays four addresses: 2001:DB8:1:1::1, 2001:DB8:1:2::1 , 2001:DB8:1:3::2, and 2001:DB8:1:4::A.

For the subnet of 192.168.1.64/26, there are 6 bits for host addresses, yielding 64 possible addresses. However, the first and last subnets are the network and broadcast addresses for this subnet. Therefore, the range of host addresses for this subnet is 192.168.1.65 to 192.168.1.126. The other subnets do not contain the address 192.168.1.96 as a valid host address.

The binary format for 255.255.255.224 is 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000. The prefix length is the number of consecutive 1s in the subnet mask. Therefore, the prefix length is /27.

Link-Local addresses are assigned automatically by the OS environment and are located in the block 169.254.0.0/16. The private addresses ranges are 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16. TEST-NET addresses belong to the range 192.0.2.0/24. The addresses in the block 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254 are reserved as experimental addresses. Loopback addresses belong to the block 127.0.0.0/8.

When sending an echo request message, a router will use the IP address of the exit interface as the source IP address. This default behavior can be changed by using an extended ping and specifying a specific source IP address.

The purpose of ICMP messages is to provide feedback about issues that are related to the processing of IP packets.

When a traceroute is performed, the value in the Hop Limit field of an IPv6 packet determines how many router hops the packet can travel. Once the Hop Limit field reaches a value of zero, it can no longer be forwarded and the receiving router will drop the packet.

ICMPv6 uses the hop limit field in the IPv6 packet header to determine if the packet has expired. If the hop limit field has reached zero, a router will send a time exceeded message back towards the source indicating that the router cannot forward the packet.

Traceroute uses the ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) to send and receive echo-request and echo-reply messages.

Tracert is used to trace the path a packet takes. The only successful response was from the first device along the path on the same LAN as the sending host. The first device is the default gateway on router R1. The administrator should therefore start troubleshooting at R1.

127.0.0.1 is the local loopback address on any TCP/IP network device. By pinging this address, the technician is verifying the TCP/IP protocol stack on that particular device.

The term for the method that allows for the coexistence of the two types of packets on a single network is dual-stack. Tunneling allows for the IPv6 packet to be transported inside IPv4 packets. An IP packet can also be converted from version 6 to version 4 and vice versa. DHCP is a protocol that is used for allocating network parameters to hosts on an IP network.

SLAAC uses ICMPv6 messages when dynamically assigning an IPv6 address to a host. DHCPv6 is an alternate method of assigning an IPv6 addresses to a host. ARPv6 does not exist. Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) provides the functionality of ARP for IPv6 networks. UDP is the transport layer protocol used by DHCPv6.

Using stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC), a PC can solicit a router and receive the prefix length of the network. From this information the PC can then create its own IPv6 global unicast address.

Multicast, anycast, and unicast are types of IPv6 addresses. There is no broadcast address in IPv6. Loopback and link-local are specific types of unicast addresses.

The IPv6 specifications include anycast addresses. An anycast address is any unicast IPv6 address that is assigned to multiple devices.

IPv6 link-local unicast addresses are in the FE80::/10 prefix range and are not routable. They are used only for communications between devices on the same link.

FF02::1:FFAE:F85F is a solicited node multicast address.
2001:DB8::BAF:3F57:FE94 is a global unicast address.
FF02::1 is the all node multicast address. Packets sent to this address will be received by all IPv6 hosts on the local link.
::1 is the IPv6 loopback address.
There are no examples of link local or unique local addresses provided.

This address is one of the assigned IPv6 multicast addresses. Packets addressed to FF02::1 are for all IPv6 enabled devices on the link or network. FF02::2 is for all IPv6 routers that exist on the network.

The network portion, or prefix, of an IPv6 address is identified through the prefix length. A /64 prefix length indicates that the first 64 bits of the IPv6 address is the network portion. Hence the prefix is 2001:DB8:BC15:A.

The EUI-64 process uses the MAC address of an interface to construct an interface ID (IID). Because the MAC address is only 48 bits in length, 16 additional bits (FF:FE) must be added to the MAC address to create the full 64-bit interface ID.

Because only one hexadecimal character is used to represent the subnet, that one character can represent 16 different values 0 through F.

Link-local IPv6 addresses start with FE80::/10, which is any address from FE80:: to FEBF::. Link-local addresses are used extensively in IPv6 and allow directly connected devices to communicate with each other on the link they share.

A ping response with an ICMPv6 code of 3 typically represents "address unreachable." This code indicates that the destination address specified in the ping command is not reachable or is not available on the network. It means that the network is unable to forward the ICMPv6 Echo Request to the specified address, indicating that the target address might be down or there's an issue with the routing to that address.

The compressed format of the IPv6 address 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:a0b0:0008:0001 is:2001:db8::a0b0:8:1Double colons "::" are used to compress consecutive groups of zeros in an IPv6 address. In this case, multiple groups of consecutive zeros have been compressed to make the address more concise while still representing the same value.