CCNA 1 v7 – ITN v7.02 – Modules 1 – 3: Basic Network Connectivity and Communications | Practice Online Exam

The first part of the syntax, show , is the command, and the second part of the syntax, running-config, is the keyword. The keyword specifies what should be displayed as the output of the show command.

Powerline networking adds the ability to connect a device to the network using an adapter wherever there is an electrical outlet.​ The network uses existing electrical wiring to send data. It is not a replacement for physical cabling, but it can add functionality in places where wireless access points cannot be used or cannot reach devices.​

Intranet is a term used to refer to a private connection of LANs and WANs that belongs to an organization. An intranet is designed to be accessible only by the organization's members, employees, or others with authorization.

Network security includes protecting the confidentiality of data that is on the network. In this case, because confidential data has been made available to unauthorized users, the security characteristic of the network has failed.

DSL is an always-on, high bandwidth connection that runs over telephone lines. Cable uses the same coaxial cable that carries television signals into the home to provide Internet access. Dialup telephone is much slower than either DSL or cable, but is the least expensive option for home users because it can use any telephone line and a simple modem. Satellite requires a clear line of sight and is affected by trees and other obstructions. None of these typical home options use dedicated leased lines such as T1/E1 and T3/E3.

Telnet accesses a network device through the virtual interface configured with the line VTY command. The password configured under this is required to access the user EXEC mode. The password configured under the line console 0 command is required to gain entry through the console port, and the enable and enable secret passwords are used to allow entry into the privileged EXEC mode.

To interrupt an IOS process such as ping or traceroute , a user enters the Ctrl-Shift-6 key combination. Tab completes the remainder of parameters or arguments within a command. To exit from configuration mode to privileged mode use the Ctrl-Z keystroke. CTRL-R will redisplay the line just typed, thus making it easier for the user to press Enter and reissue the ping command.

The technician does not want to make any mistakes trying to remove all the changes that were done to the running configuration file. The solution is to reboot the router without saving the running configuration. The copy startup-config running-config command does not overwrite the running configuration file with the configuration file stored in NVRAM, but rather it just has an additive effect.

Pressing the Tab key after a command has been partially typed will cause the IOS to complete the rest of the command.

In a Layer 2 switch, there is a switch virtual interface (SVI) that provides a means for remotely managing the device.

Access to the VTY and console interfaces can be restricted using passwords. Out-of-band management of the router can be restricted in both user EXEC and privileged EXEC modes.

Technically complex security measures such as intrusion prevention and intrusion prevention systems are usually associated with business networks rather than home networks. Installing antivirus software, antimalware software, and implementing a firewall will usually be the minimum requirements for home networks. Installing a home wireless network will not improve network security, and will require further security actions to be taken.

Video conferencing utilizes real-time audio and video communications. Both of these are time-sensitive and bandwidth-intensive forms of communication that require quality of service to be active on the network. QoS will ensure an uninterrupted user experience.

Criteria for choosing a network medium are the distance the selected medium can successfully carry a signal, the environment in which the selected medium is to be installed, the amount of data and the speed at which the data must be transmitted, and the cost of the medium and its installation.

A source port number is added to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) during the encapsulation process at the "transport layer," which is also known as OSI Layer 4. Port numbers are used to identify specific processes or services on a device, and they are utilized at the transport layer to ensure that data is delivered to the correct application or service on the receiving end.

A destination MAC (Media Access Control) address is added to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) during the encapsulation process at the "data link layer," which is also known as OSI Layer 2. The data link layer is responsible for addressing and controlling data frames within the local network segment, and MAC addresses are used to identify specific devices on the same network segment at this layer.

A source port number is added to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) during the encapsulation process at the "transport layer," which is also known as OSI Layer 4. Port numbers are used to identify specific processes or services on a device, and they are utilized at the transport layer to ensure that data is delivered to the correct application or service on the receiving end

A source MAC (Media Access Control) address is added to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) during the encapsulation process at the "data link layer," which is also known as OSI Layer 2. The data link layer is responsible for the addressing and control of data frames on the local network segment, and MAC addresses are used to identify individual devices on the same network segment at this layer.

A destination IP address is added to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) during the encapsulation process at the "network layer," which is also known as OSI Layer 3. The network layer is responsible for routing and forwarding data between different networks, and IP addresses are used to uniquely identify the source and destination of data at this layer.

Data is added to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) during the encapsulation process at the "application layer," which is also known as OSI Layer 7. The application layer is responsible for providing the interface between the software applications and the lower layers of the OSI model, allowing applications to exchange data. Data from an application is divided into PDUs at the application layer, and then it is encapsulated in lower-layer PDUs as it moves down the OSI model.

A source IP address is added to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) during the encapsulation process at the "network layer," which is also known as OSI Layer 3. The network layer is responsible for routing and forwarding data between different networks, and IP addresses are used to uniquely identify the source and destination of data at this layer.

Data is added to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) during the encapsulation process at the "application layer," which is also known as OSI Layer 7. The application layer is responsible for providing the interface between the software applications and the lower layers of the OSI model, allowing applications to exchange data. Data from an application is divided into PDUs at the application layer, and then it is encapsulated in lower-layer PDUs as it moves down the OSI model.

A destination port number is added to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) during the encapsulation process at the "transport layer," which is also known as OSI Layer 4. Port numbers are used to direct data to specific services or processes on a device, allowing for the proper delivery and communication of data between applications.

The source IP address is added to a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) at the "network layer," which is also known as OSI Layer 3. The network layer is responsible for routing and forwarding data between different networks, and IP addresses are used to uniquely identify the source and destination of data at this layer.

The term that describes the ability to use personal devices across a business or campus network is "BYOD," which stands for "Bring Your Own Device." BYOD is a policy or practice that allows employees, students, or users to bring their personal devices, such as smartphones, tablets, or laptops, and connect them to a business or campus network to access resources, applications, and services.

The term that describes a private collection of LANs and WANs that belongs to an organization is "intranet." An intranet is a network that is used internally within an organization to facilitate communication, collaboration, and information sharing among its employees, typically in a secure and private manner. It is not accessible to the public and is designed to serve the organization's internal needs.

The term that describes a policy that allows network devices to manage the flow of data to give priority to voice and video is "quality of service" or "QoS." Quality of service is a set of techniques and mechanisms used to prioritize certain types of data traffic over others to ensure a consistent and acceptable level of service quality, especially for real-time or latency-sensitive applications like voice and video communication. QoS policies help manage and allocate network resources to ensure a smoother and more reliable experience for these applications.

The term that describes a technology that allows devices to connect to the LAN (Local Area Network) using an electrical outlet is "powerline networking." Powerline networking uses a building's existing electrical wiring to transmit data signals between devices, effectively turning electrical outlets into network connections. This technology is a convenient way to extend network connectivity within a building without the need for additional Ethernet cables or Wi-Fi networks.

The term that describes a type of network used by people who work from home or from a small remote office is a "SOHO network." SOHO stands for "Small Office/Home Office," and it refers to networks designed to meet the needs of individuals or small businesses working from home or in small remote office locations. These networks are typically smaller in scale compared to large corporate networks and are tailored to the requirements of remote or home-based workers.

The term that describes a computing model where server software runs on dedicated computers is "client/server." In a client/server computing model, dedicated server computers provide services or resources to client computers, which request and use these services. This architecture is common in networked systems where multiple clients interact with one or more dedicated server machines to access data, applications, or resources.

The term that describes a type of network used by people who work from home or from a small remote office is a "SOHO network." SOHO stands for "Small Office/Home Office," and it refers to networks designed to meet the needs of individuals or small businesses working from home or in small remote office locations. These networks are typically smaller in scale compared to large corporate networks and are tailored to the requirements of remote or home-based workers.

The term that describes a network where one computer can be both a client and a server is "peer-to-peer" (P2P) networking. In a peer-to-peer network, each computer (or peer) can act as both a client and a server, allowing them to share resources and information directly with one another without the need for a centralized server.

The term that describes storing personal files on servers over the internet to provide access anywhere, anytime, and on any device is "cloud." This approach is commonly referred to as "cloud storage" or "cloud computing," where data is stored and managed in remote data centers accessible via the internet, offering convenience and accessibility across various devices and locations.

The term that describes a network owned by one organization that provides safe and secure access to individuals who work for a different organization is "extranet." An extranet is a private network that allows authorized users from external organizations to access certain resources, such as files, applications, or communication tools, while maintaining security and controlled access.

In order to enter global configuration mode, the command configure terminal , or a shortened version such as config t , must be entered from privileged EXEC mode. In this scenario the administrator is in user EXEC mode, as indicated by the > symbol after the hostname. The administrator would need to use the enable command to move into privileged EXEC mode before entering the configure terminal command.

A switch, as a Layer 2 device, does not need an IP address to transmit frames to attached devices. However, when a switch is accessed remotely through the network, it must have a Layer 3 address. The IP address must be applied to a virtual interface rather than to a physical interface. Routers, not switches, function as default gateways.

After the enable command is issued, the show running-configuration command or the show ip interfaces brief command will display the IP address of the switch virtual interface (SVI).

A router is used to determine the path that the messages should take through the network. A firewall is used to filter incoming and outgoing traffic. A DSL modem is used to provide Internet connection for a home or an organization.

An advantage of network devices implementing open standard protocols, such as from the TCP/IP suite, is that clients and servers running different operating systems can communicate with each other. Open standard protocols facilitate innovation and competition between vendors and across markets, and can reduce the occurrence of monopolies in networking markets.

Network protocols are implemented in hardware, or software, or both. They interact with each other within different layers of a protocol stack. Protocols have nothing to do with the installation of the network equipment. Network protocols are required to exchange information between source and destination devices in both local and remote networks.

Multicast is a one-to-many type of communication. Multicast messages are addressed to a specific multicast group.

Logical addresses, also known as IP addresses, are added at the network layer. Physical addresses are edded at the data link layer. Port addresses are added at the transport layer. No addresses are added at the physical layer.

The OSI data link and physical layers together are equivalent to the TCP/IP network access layer. The OSI transport layer is functionally equivalent to the TCP/IP transport layer, and the OSI network layer is equivalent to the TCP/IP internet layer. The OSI application, presentation, and session layers are functionally equivalent to the application layer within the TCP/IP model.

1. HTTP governs the way that a web server and client interact.
2. TCP manages individual conversations between web servers and clients.
3. IP is responsible for delivery across the best path to the destination.
4. Ethernet takes the packet from IP and formats it for transmission.

If a computer makes a request and does not hear a response within an acceptable amount of time, the computer assumes that no answer is coming and reacts accordingly.

In order to send data to HostA, ServerB will generate a packet that contains the IP address of the destination device on the remote network and a frame that contains the MAC address of the default gateway device on the local network.

When received at the physical layer of a host, the bits are formatted into a frame at the data link layer. A packet is the PDU at the network layer. A segment is the PDU at the transport layer. A file is a data structure that may be used at the application layer.

1. "This organization is responsible for overseeing and managing IP address allocation, domain name management, and protocol identifiers." This description matches with IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority). IANA is responsible for coordinating some of the key elements that keep the Internet running smoothly. Among its responsibilities are the allocation of IP addresses and domain management.
2. "This organization is the largest developer of international standards in the world for a wide variety of products and services. It is known for its Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model." This description matches with ISO (International Organization for Standardization). ISO is an independent, non-governmental international organization with a membership of national standards bodies, and it has developed the OSI model, which is a conceptual framework used to understand and design the architecture of network systems.
3. "This organization promotes the open development, evolution, and use of the Internet throughout the world." This description matches with ISOC (Internet Society). ISOC is an organization founded in 1992 to provide leadership in internet-related standards, education, access, and policy.

These organizations play a critical role in the maintenance and advancement of internet technologies and standards.

The TCP/IP model consists of four layers: application, transport, internet, and network access. Of these four layers, it is the internet layer that is responsible for routing messages. The session layer is not part of the TCP/IP model but is rather part of the OSI model.

When a message is placed inside of another message, this is known as encapsulation. On networks, encapsulation takes place when one protocol data unit is carried inside of the data field of the next lower protocol data unit.

There are several components that need to be entered when configuring IPv4 for an end device: IPv4 address - uniquely identifies an end device on the network
Subnet mask - determines the network address portion and host portion for an IPv4 address
Default gateway - the IP address of the router interface used for communicating with hosts in another network
DNS server addres s - the IP address of the Domain Name System (DNS) server
DHCP server address (if DHCP is used) is not configured manually on end devices. It will be provided by a DHCP server when an end device requests an IP address.

Application data is passed down the protocol stack on its way to be transmitted across the network media. During the process, various protocols add information to it at each level. At each stage of the process, a PDU (protocol data unit) has a different name to reflect its new functions. The PDUs are named according to the protocols of the TCP/IP suite: Data - The general term for the PDU used at the application layer.
Segment - transport layer PDU
Packet - network layer PDU
Frame – data link layer PDU
Bits - A physical layer PDU used when physically transmitting data over the medium

The EIA is an international standards and trade organization for electronics organizations. It is best known for its standards related to electrical wiring, connectors, and the 19-inch racks used to mount networking equipment.

DNS, DHCP, and FTP are all application layer protocols in the TCP/IP protocol suite. ARP and PPP are network access layer protocols, and NAT is an internet layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite.

When the data is traveling from the PC to the network, the transport layer sends segments to the internet layer. The internet layer sends packets to the network access layer, which creates frames and then converts the frames to bits. The bits are released to the network media.

In order for two computers to be able to communicate effectively, there must be a mechanism that allows both the source and destination to set the timing of the transmission and receipt of data. Flow control allows for this by ensuring that data is not sent too fast for it to be received properly.

The startup-config and running-config files display most passwords in plaintext. Use the service password-encryption global config command to encrypt all plaintext passwords in these files.

To prevent all configured passwords from appearing in plain text in configuration files, an administrator can execute the service password-encryption command. This command encrypts all configured passwords in the configuration file.

With the copy running-config startup-config command, the content of the current operating configuration replaces the startup configuration file stored in NVRAM. The configuration file saved in NVRAM will be loaded when the device is restarted.

The first part of the syntax, show , is the command, and the second part of the syntax, running-config, is the keyword. The keyword specifies what should be displayed as the output of the show command.

The shortcuts with their functions are as follows:
– Tab – Completes the remainder of a partially typed command or keyword
– Space bar – displays the next screen
– ? – provides context-sensitive help
– Up Arrow – Allows user to scroll backward through former commands
– Ctrl-C – cancels any command currently being entered and returns directly to privileged EXEC mode
– Ctrl-Shift-6 – Allows the user to interrupt an IOS process such as ping or traceroute

The show ip interface brief command is used to display a brief synopsis of the condition of the device interfaces. The ipconfig command is used to verify TCP/IP properties on a host. The ping command is used to verify Layer 3 connectivity. The traceroute command is used to trace the network path from source to destination.

Switches have one or more switch virtual interfaces (SVIs). SVIs are created in software since there is no physical hardware associated with them. Virtual interfaces provide a means to remotely manage a switch over a network that is using IP. Each switch comes with one SVI appearing in the default configuration “out-of-the-box.” The default SVI interface is VLAN1.

The configuration mode that the administrator first encounters is user EXEC mode. After the enable command is entered, the next mode is privileged EXEC mode. From there, the configure terminal command is entered to move to global configuration mode. Finally, the administrator enters the line console 0 command to enter the mode in which the configuration will be entered.

SSH is the preferred protocol for connecting to a device operating system over the network because it is much more secure than Telnet. Both SSH and Telnet are used to connect to devices over the network, and so are both used in-band. PuTTY and Terra Term can be used to make both SSH and Telnet connections.

Some guidelines for naming conventions are that names should:Start with a letter
Contain no spaces
End with a letter or digit
Use only letters, digits, and dashes
Be less than 64 characters in length

RAM stores data that is used by the device to support network operations. The running configuration is stored in RAM. This type of memory is considered volatile memory because data is lost during a power cycle. Flash memory stores the IOS and delivers a copy of the IOS into RAM when a device is powered on. Flash memory is nonvolatile since it retains stored contents during a loss of power.

End and CTRL-Z return the user to the privileged EXEC mode. Ctrl-C ends a command in process. The exit command returns the user to the previous level.

For a switch to have an IP address, a switch virtual interface must be configured. This allows the switch to be managed remotely over the network.

Fault tolerance: This typically involves “Providing redundant links and devices.” Fault tolerance in networking ensures that additional or backup equipment (like routers, switches, and pathways) is in place, so if one part fails, the network continues to operate.

Scalability: This matches with “Expand the network without degrading the service for existing users.” Scalability is the network’s ability to grow and handle increased demand without negatively impacting the performance experienced by current users.

Security: This would be linked with “Protect the network from unauthorized access.” Network security consists of policies and practices designed to prevent and monitor unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of the network and network-accessible resources.